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honorary degree
An honorary degree〔Although the spelling ''honorary'' is correct in all instances, the term for such an award is spelled ''honor'' in American English and ''honour'' in British English; see spelling differences.〕 or a degree ''honoris causa'' (Latin: "for the sake of the honor") is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived the usual requirements, such as matriculation, residence, study and the passing of examinations. The degree is typically a doctorate or, less commonly, a master's degree, and may be awarded to someone who has no prior connection with the academic institution. An example of identifying receipt of this award is as follows: Doctorate in Business Administration (Hon Causa).
The degree is often conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitor's contributions to a specific field or to society in general.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Honorary Degrees: A Short History )〕 It is often given to graduation speakers at a university or college, and the university may derive benefits by association with the person in question. The degree is not recognized by employers as having the same stature as a corresponding ''earned'' doctorate degree and should not be represented as such. It is sometimes recommended that such degrees be listed in one's CV as an award, and not in the education section.〔http://commencement.msu.edu/general-information/honorary-degrees〕 With regard to the use of this honorific, the policies of institutions of higher education generally ask that recipients "refrain from adopting the misleading title" and that a recipient of an honorary doctorate's use of the title "Dr" before their name should be restricted to engagement with the institution of higher education in question and not within the broader community.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Honorary Doctorate Guidelines )〕
==Historical origins==
The practice dates back to the Middle Ages, when for various reasons a university might be persuaded, or otherwise see fit, to grant exemption from some or all of the usual statutory requirements for the awarding of a degree. The earliest honorary degree on record was awarded to Lionel Woodville in the late 1470s by the University of Oxford.〔 He later became Bishop of Salisbury.
In the latter part of the 16th century, the granting of honorary degrees became quite common, especially on the occasion of royal visits to Oxford or Cambridge.〔Buxton, L. H. Dudley and Gibson, Strickland, ''Oxford University Ceremonies'', Oxford University Press (1935)〕 On the visit of James I to Oxford in 1605, for example, forty-three members of his retinue (fifteen of whom were earls or barons) received the degree of Master of Arts, and the Register of Convocation explicitly states that these were full degrees, carrying the usual privileges (such as voting rights in Convocation and Congregation).〔
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